Sultans of Zanzibar-Oman
1804-1856: Said bin Sultan
-able to play stronger French against the British, which gives him more independence
-no Muhammad Ali means Saudis last longer
-takes harder pitched campaign from Ottomans into 1820s to stop him
-Oman as a territory massively weakened, Gulf designs now much less well developed
-post-Saudi, fails to be able to regain stature in Gulf
-means Oman forced to move to Zanzibar earlier (in 1832)
-also means less confident to stop piracy and British being in period of instability (Heads of British Isles > ^ff21d6) means they're much less able to intervene, which means that also lasts longer
-successfully accedes to Sakalava fears of being conquered by Merina, making it a protectorate in 1830s and facing off an invasion
-Sakalava manpower important in program of interior expansion (for slave trade and plantation cultivation)
-engages in invasions along coast, securing coast from (not incl) Mozambique to Somalia under his hands
-erects outposts well into the interior
-crushes rebellious Mombasa
-signs treaty, beyond France and British Isles, with the United States
-prospers from highly lucrative clove trade, also Zanzibar has massive slave markets
1856-1891: Majid bin Said
-expands Zanzibar's holdings to Great Lakes
-successfully stamps authority in the middle areas and all but not without challenges
-lots of clients, filibusters under his overlordship
-successfully secures Yao kingdoms in particular through trade ties and the like
-builds railways in this era
-oriented towards exports almost exclusively
-facilitates growth of cash crop trade (w/ slave plantations)
-attempts to grow coffee fail due to coffee rust
-reaps benefit of US's Wars > American Civil War (1869-76) constricting American cotton by developing cotton plantations
-likewise with tobacco, food
-from rice plantations of the Congo basin to commercial node of Tabora to Dar as Salaam, then by ferry to Zanzibar
-factories for making guns, w/ slaves
1891-1923: Ali bin Majid
-sees First International Intervention (1904) against slave trade, and faced with an International Force, Ali reluctantly signs law banning slave trade to and from mainland Africa (and between major settlements)
-ends vast Zanzibari markets, but doesn't stop technically-illicit human trafficking which authorities do not suppress at all
-and when it's clear this isn't stopping slave trade or slavery, not enough international support to force him to stop after he renews commercial treaties
1923-1931: Bargash bin Majid
-sees Second International Intervention (1927) which forces Bargash to issue emancipation decree
-but he undercuts it by only authorizing the freeing of slaves who petition for it in court
-slave lords get around this by barring slaves from going to courtrooms
-but nevertheless expands freedmen class
-deciding to centralize to avoid his state disintegrating, establishes permanent assembly of landlords and representatives to serve as a parliament in 1929
-it undercuts emancipation of slavery even more
1931-1952: Hamoud bin Ali
-attempts of freedmen parties to enter the parliament largely fail
-they get stitched up as the People's Liberation Association (Chama cha Ukombozi wa Watu; Chaukwatu) in 1936
-but do have a small victory and they establish a delegation into there
-they are largely despised, incl. by representatives of the sultan, who call them extremely bad insults
-modernization attempts go badly, attempts at modern industry-building largely fail
1952-1964: Khalifa bin Ali [overthrown, executed]
-in 1964, Chaukwatu cells across the country rebel, and in Stone Town itself
-massive army mutinies
-Khalifa captured when his ships are destroyed before he can get aboard
-kept in custody, given trial following legal forms and executed
-body dumped into the sea
1964-1969: Abdullah bin Ali [fled]
Presidents of the People's Republic of Zanzibar
1964-1966: (Chaukwatu) †
-issues Declaration of Principles (1964), which defines grievances and calls for egalitarian republicanism, and also explicitly cites American Declaration of Independence and French Declaration of Rights of Man
1966-1967: (Chaukwatu) †
1967-1982: (Chaukwatu)
1970-1: ran unopposed
1976 def. (Chama cha Wafanyakazi na Wakulima; CWW)
-sees campaigns in east through
-issues amnesties and other such laws and actively prevents reprisals
-does not always succeed though
-but does succeed in limiting mass emigration, even gets considered positively by some of them postwar
-and Constituent Assembly under his overlordship writes constitution, v. similar to the US's
-albeit with midterms after 3 years and president 6 year terms (lim. to 2)
-finally forces the declared Sultan to flee the country, declares victory
-having already assembled constituent assembly, brings in eastern representatives, which means the already-written constitution can be ratified into law
-election sees unanimous victory